Steel endoskeletons and permanent installations define interior logic

In Venice, restorers stabilized the bell tower of San Geremia by installing an internal steel framework that functions as an endoskeleton (Marco Manente from Reflections of Venice). This system of diagonal St Andrew’s crosses and horizontal connections braces the medieval brickwork against horizontal movement while supporting a new metal staircase and an oak bell frame that keeps vibrations away from the historic walls. Visitors can observe the distinct layers of old masonry and new steel as they climb the tower, because the supporting structure remains fully exposed.

Donald Judd applied a similar clarity to his five-storey cast-iron building at 101 Spring Street in New York, which he purchased in 1968 (Back to the Furniture). He preserved original timber floors and columns while designing furniture, such as a low walnut platform bed, to occupy specific positions within the vast industrial rooms (Back to the Furniture). Judd treated the building as a permanent installation, refusing to add decorative elements and allowing the architecture to dictate the placement of every chair, table and artwork.